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seismic scale
A seismic scale is used to calculate and compare the severity of earthquakes.
Two fundamentally different but equally important types of scales are commonly used by seismologists to describe earthquakes. The original force or energy of an earthquake is measured on a ''magnitude scale'', while the intensity of shaking occurring at any given point on the Earth's surface is measured on an ''intensity scale''.
==Magnitude and intensity==
The severity of an earthquake is described by both ''magnitude'' and ''intensity''. These two frequently confused terms refer to different, but related, expressions. ''Magnitude,'' usually expressed as an Arabic numeral characterizes the size of an earthquake by measuring indirectly the energy released. By contrast, ''intensity'' indicates the local effects and potential for damage produced by an earthquake on the Earth's surface as it affects humans, animals, structures, and natural objects such as bodies of water. Intensities are usually expressed in Roman numerals, and represent the severity of the shaking resulting from an earthquake. Ideally, any given earthquake can be described by only one ''magnitude'', but many ''intensities'' since the earthquake effects vary with circumstances such as distance from the epicenter and local soil conditions. In practice, the same earthquake might have magnitude estimates typically differing by few tenths of a unit, depending on which magnitude scale is used and which data are included in the analysis.
Charles Richter, the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, distinguished ''intensity'' and ''magnitude'' as follows: "I like to use the analogy with radio transmissions. It applies in seismology because seismographs, or the receivers, record the waves of elastic disturbance, or radio waves, that are radiated from the earthquake source, or the broadcasting station. Magnitude can be compared to the power output in kilowatts of a broadcasting station. Local intensity on the Mercalli scale is then comparable to the signal strength on a receiver at a given locality; in effect, the quality of the signal. Intensity, like signal strength, will generally fall off with distance from the source, although it also depends on the local conditions and the pathway from the source to the point."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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